{"id":5083,"date":"2021-11-12T11:55:29","date_gmt":"2021-11-12T10:55:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pm-law.ch\/chroniques-juridiques\/du-bon-usage-du-testament-oral\/"},"modified":"2021-11-12T11:55:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-12T10:55:29","slug":"du-bon-usage-du-testament-oral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pm-law.ch\/de\/chroniques-juridiques\/du-bon-usage-du-testament-oral\/","title":{"rendered":"Du bon usage du testament oral"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Une personne capable de discernement et \u00e2g\u00e9e de 18 ans r\u00e9volus peut r\u00e9gler sa succession par testament. Le testament est en principe de forme olographe (\u00e9crit en entier \u00e0 la main et sign\u00e9 par son auteur) ou publique (re\u00e7u par un notaire). Cependant, il peut exceptionnellement \u00eatre de forme orale lorsque le testateur, pour des circonstances extraordinaires, notamment en cas de danger de mort imminent, n\u2019est pas en mesure de r\u00e9diger un testament olographe et n\u2019a pas la possibilit\u00e9 de recourir aux services d\u2019un notaire. Le testateur doit d\u00e9clarer (en principe de vive voix, mais pas n\u00e9cessairement car des gestes peuvent suffire, comme l\u2019acquiescement \u00e0 une proposition de testament par une personne sous assistance respiratoire) sa volont\u00e9 \u00e0 deux t\u00e9moins en m\u00eame temps et les charger d\u2019en dresser ou faire dresser acte. Les t\u00e9moins doivent satisfaire \u00e0 quatre conditions: 1) avoir l\u2019exercice des droits civils (\u00eatre majeurs, capables de discernement et pas sous curatelle de port\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, 2) savoir lire et \u00e9crire, 3) ne pas avoir de lien de parent\u00e9 suivant avec le testateur: descendant, ascendant, fr\u00e8re ou s\u0153ur, leurs conjoints et le conjoint du testateur et 4) ne pas \u00eatre gratifi\u00e9s dans le testament. Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9claration du testateur, les t\u00e9moins doivent agir imm\u00e9diatement. La loi ne fixe pas de d\u00e9lai mais il est conseill\u00e9 de proc\u00e9der dans les 24 heures ouvrables. Ils peuvent s\u2019accomplir de leur mission de deux fa\u00e7ons, selon leur libre choix:  <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Un des t\u00e9moins \u00e9crit (pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00e0 la main) imm\u00e9diatement les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s, les date en indiquant le lieu, l\u2019ann\u00e9e, le mois et le jour du moment o\u00f9 le testateur leur a exprim\u00e9 ses derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s, les signe et les fait signer par l\u2019autre t\u00e9moin. Les deux t\u00e9moins remettent ensemble sans d\u00e9lai, personnellement (sans les confier \u00e0 un tiers ni m\u00eame la poste) cet \u00e9crit \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 comp\u00e9tente selon le droit cantonal et d\u00e9clarent \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 comp\u00e9tente que le testateur leur a paru capable de disposer, leur a exprim\u00e9 ses derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s et exposent les circonstances particuli\u00e8res dans lesquelles les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s leur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 communiqu\u00e9es. <\/li>\n<li>Plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9diger eux-m\u00eames les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s, les deux t\u00e9moins se pr\u00e9sentent imm\u00e9diatement \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 comp\u00e9tente et d\u00e9clarent quelles furent les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s pour que l\u2019autorit\u00e9 puisse en dresser proc\u00e8s-verbal. Les t\u00e9moins doivent \u00e9galement affirmer \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 que le testateur leur a paru capable de disposer et exposer les circonstances particuli\u00e8res dans lesquelles les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s leur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 communiqu\u00e9es. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Le testament oral perd sa validit\u00e9 lorsque quatorze jours se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9s depuis que le testateur a recouvr\u00e9 la libert\u00e9 d\u2019employer l\u2019une des autres formes, \u00e0 savoir de r\u00e9diger un testament olographe ou de faire recevoir un testament public par un notaire.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00c0 retenir:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>En cas de danger de mort imminente, un testateur qui ne peut ni \u00e9crire ni consulter de notaire peut exprimer ses derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s \u00e0 deux t\u00e9moins;<\/li>\n<li>Les deux t\u00e9moins doivent imm\u00e9diatement se pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 comp\u00e9tente pour lui remettre un document qui contient les derni\u00e8res volont\u00e9s ou les lui exprimer;<\/li>\n<li>Si le testateur recouvre sa capacit\u00e9, il faut, dans les quatorze jours, qu\u2019il r\u00e9dige un testament olographe ou prie un notaire de recevoir un testament public.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">Gr\u00e9goire Piller<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En cas de circonstances extraordinaires, le Code civil permet de tester en la forme orale. Les exigences \u00e0 respecter sont cependant tr\u00e8s strictes. 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